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Q 1. Who were the Guptas? Why is the Gupta period sometimes called the ‘classical age’ in Indian history?A. The Guptas were a family of kings who first ruled parts of today’s Uttar Pradesh and, by the 4ᵗʰ century CE, controlled much of North India from their capital Pāṭaliputra. Because art, science, literature, and trade … Read more
Q 1. Why is the period that followed the Maurya Empire sometimes called the “Age of Reorganisation”?A. After Emperor Aśhoka, the huge Maurya Empire broke into many smaller kingdoms. Old regions were split, joined or moved, and new rulers worked hard to arrange safe borders, fresh trade routes and new capitals. All these changes were … Read more
Q 1. What is an empire?A. An empire is a very large land made of many smaller kingdoms. One powerful ruler, called an emperor, controls all of them from one capital city. Q 2. How did empires rise and shape Indian civilisation?A. Strong kings joined nearby kingdoms through war, smart plans, and good trade. When … Read more
1. What is meant by ‘Second Urbanisation of India’?The “Second Urbanisation” is the time, after about 1000 BCE, when many new towns grew in the Ganga plains and nearby areas. These towns had busy markets, new crafts, coins and strong rulers, so life became urban again after the old Harappan cities had disappeared. 2. Why … Read more
1. What makes India’s climate so diverse?India is a very large country with high mountains, wide plains, hot deserts, long coasts and many plateaus. Each landform and its height, distance from the sea and wind direction create a different kind of weather, so the climates change from place to place. 2. What are the monsoons? … Read more
Q 1. How can we measure and monitor the weather around us?A. We use special tools: Thermometer for temperature, Rain-gauge for rain and snow, Barometer for air-pressure, Anemometer or wind-vane for wind speed and direction, Hygrometer for humidity.By checking these tools often, we know exactly how the weather is changing. Q 2. How do weather … Read more
Q 1. What are some key geographical features of India?A. India has high mountains (the Himalayas), wide fertile plains (like the Gangetic Plains), plateaus (such as the Deccan Plateau), a hot desert (the Thar), long coastlines with beaches and deltas, and two big island groups (Lakshadweep and the Andaman-Nicobar Islands). Q 2. How does India’s … Read more
12.1 Rotation of the Earth 1 · Does the Sun really move across the sky or is it the Earth that moves? The Sun only appears to cross the sky. In reality the Earth turns (rotates) from west to east; that rotation makes the Sun seem to rise in the east, move westward, and set. … Read more
11.1 Sources of Light 1 · Does the Moon actually produce its own light? No. The Moon is non-luminous; it merely reflects sunlight. 2 · Which objects give off their own light? Any luminous object: the Sun, stars, lightning, flames, LEDs, fireflies, some deep-sea animals, etc. 11.2 Does Light Travel in a Straight Line? (Activities … Read more
1 · When you look at plants, what changes do you notice as they grow? A growing plant makes new leaves and branches, becomes taller, and its stem gradually becomes thicker and stronger. 2 · What do you infer from Activity 10.1? The plant that got both sunlight and water grew best.A plant given sunlight … Read more