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Q 1. Why is the period that followed the Maurya Empire sometimes called the “Age of Reorganisation”?A. After Emperor Aśhoka, the huge Maurya Empire broke into many smaller kingdoms. Old regions were split, joined or moved, and new rulers worked hard to arrange safe borders, fresh trade routes and new capitals. All these changes were … Read more
Q 1. What is an empire?A. An empire is a very large land made of many smaller kingdoms. One powerful ruler, called an emperor, controls all of them from one capital city. Q 2. How did empires rise and shape Indian civilisation?A. Strong kings joined nearby kingdoms through war, smart plans, and good trade. When … Read more
1. What is meant by ‘Second Urbanisation of India’?The “Second Urbanisation” is the time, after about 1000 BCE, when many new towns grew in the Ganga plains and nearby areas. These towns had busy markets, new crafts, coins and strong rulers, so life became urban again after the old Harappan cities had disappeared. 2. Why … Read more
1. What makes India’s climate so diverse?India is a very large country with high mountains, wide plains, hot deserts, long coasts and many plateaus. Each landform and its height, distance from the sea and wind direction create a different kind of weather, so the climates change from place to place. 2. What are the monsoons? … Read more
Q 1. How can we measure and monitor the weather around us?A. We use special tools: Thermometer for temperature, Rain-gauge for rain and snow, Barometer for air-pressure, Anemometer or wind-vane for wind speed and direction, Hygrometer for humidity.By checking these tools often, we know exactly how the weather is changing. Q 2. How do weather … Read more
Q 1. What are some key geographical features of India?A. India has high mountains (the Himalayas), wide fertile plains (like the Gangetic Plains), plateaus (such as the Deccan Plateau), a hot desert (the Thar), long coastlines with beaches and deltas, and two big island groups (Lakshadweep and the Andaman-Nicobar Islands). Q 2. How does India’s … Read more
12.1 Rotation of the Earth 1 · Does the Sun really move across the sky or is it the Earth that moves? The Sun only appears to cross the sky. In reality the Earth turns (rotates) from west to east; that rotation makes the Sun seem to rise in the east, move westward, and set. … Read more
11.1 Sources of Light 1 · Does the Moon actually produce its own light? No. The Moon is non-luminous; it merely reflects sunlight. 2 · Which objects give off their own light? Any luminous object: the Sun, stars, lightning, flames, LEDs, fireflies, some deep-sea animals, etc. 11.2 Does Light Travel in a Straight Line? (Activities … Read more
But how does this process (digestion) happen? Food is pushed through a long tube called the alimentary canal. At different spots along that tube special liquids (digestive juices) break big food pieces into tiny ones the body can use. What do you think is the role of saliva in your mouth? Saliva makes food wet … Read more
How was time measured when there were no clocks and watches? People watched events in nature that repeat—sunrise / sunset, phases of the Moon, seasons. To mark smaller parts of a day they made simple devices: Sundial – uses the Sun’s shadow. Water clock – water drips out (or fills a bowl) in fixed time. … Read more